What To Do In your 20s & 30s To improve Your Health Later In Life

By the time you reach your eighth decade of life, the chances are that you’ll probably be feeling weaker, stiffer, and perhaps a little less cognitively sharp than in your younger years. Your sleep patterns might have changed so that you feel drowsier in the evenings and then wake earlier. Most concerningly, going by population averages, it’s likely that you will be dealing with at least one chronic health condition.

Yet researchers, now more than ever, are convinced that this is not an inevitability. “Based on what we now know, most people could expect to live to 90 or even 95 in good health if they were to optimise their lifestyle,” says Eric Verdin, president and chief executive of the Buck Institute for Research on Ageing in California. “And that’s very far from where we are, where most people live to 65 or 70 in good health, and then become ill and suffer all the indignities of old age.”

While Verdin says that it’s never too late to improve your health at any age through making positive lifestyle adjustments, whether that’s exercising more, eating better or cutting back on alcohol, you will likely fare best if you start sooner. In particular, researchers have highlighted your 30s as a key decade when a number of physiological systems, whether that’s muscle mass and strength, bone density or metabolic regulation, begin to show the first subtle age-related changes.

We can all learn from this. To give us the best chance of ageing well, Paul Morgan, a senior lecturer in nutrition and metabolism at Manchester Metropolitan University, says that we should aim to hit the highest peak that we can in our late 20s & our 30s, particularly when it comes to aerobic capacity (the maximum amount of oxygen your body can use during exercise), flexibility, and muscle strength.

Playing sport is an excellent way to achieve this. Research has shown that taking part in racquet sports such as tennis or badminton has a consistent association with extended lifespan, while a 2025 Japanese study highlighted the benefits of cycling, with older adults who cycle regularly being less likely to need long-term care or die prematurely.

Running for more than 75 minutes per week has also been found to slow certain aspects of the ageing process, but you might want to think again when it comes to running marathons. There is some evidence that pushing your body to extremes can actually accelerate some aspects of biological ageing, although this remains less well understood.

On the other hand, one study found that as little as five minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day can help slow brain ageing, and according to Aditi Gurkar, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh in the US, we can all get some of the healthy ageing benefits through following relatively simple steps. “Even a brisk 15-minute walk after a meal can make a meaningful difference,” she says.

Just as we can protect and strengthen our muscles and cardiovascular system in our late 20s and our 30s, we can also do the same for our brain. Maintaining good dental health through regular checkups, a good brushing routine, not smoking, and limiting intake of sugary foods can make a surprising difference.

This is based on numerous studies which have repeatedly linked the development of periodontal disease, a gum condition characterised by elevated inflammation, with a heightened risk of cognitive decline in later life. This is thought to be due to the chronic impacts of systemic inflammation on the brain.

Your 30s could also be the decade to begin reducing your alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol is linked to changes in gene expression in the body which accelerate ageing. Alcohol is also a key disruptor of sleep, and Verdin highlights consistent sleeping patterns as being key for avoiding age-related brain shrinkage and lowering dementia risk in decades to come. This includes making sure you go to sleep and wake up at the same time every day, known as sleep regularity. Not only does sleep allow the body to focus on repairing cells, it also gives people the energy and motivation to pursue a healthy lifestyle.

“Even if you’re lacking sleep for one night, your metabolism changes, and your willpower to do all the things that are keeping you healthy goes away,” he says.

Because of the importance of maintaining a regular sleeping pattern, Verdin says he now uses an alarm clock each night – not to wake himself up, but to remind him to go to bed. “The reason for this is we’re circadian beings,” he says. “Our whole biology, from gene expression to metabolism is in synchrony with the 24-hour cycle, and so I tell people, going to bed at the same time each day helps your body to stay really well synchronised to all of this.”

Finally, your late 20s & your 30s is probably a good time to begin taking nutrition a little more seriously. Verdin says that one of the best things we can do is to give our bodies more time during the day when we’re not actually eating, for example through intermittent fasting.

While many proponents of intermittent fasting recommend a so-called 16:8 split, where you fast for 16 hours of the day and compress your eating into an eight-hour window, Verdin says that we can achieve plenty of benefits through a more manageable 12:12 split. “Essentially when you’re fasting, that allows your body to focus not on digesting but on repairing,” he says. “I tell people, when you are eating, you are building. When you’re fasting, you are repairing.”

Consuming more fruit and vegetables at the expense of ultra-processed foods could also make a difference. Gurkar points to work that she and others have carried out showing that people who ingest higher amounts of dietary carotenoids – plant chemicals found in vegetables such as sweet potatoes and carrots, and fruits like mango and apricots – age more slowly, possibly because these chemicals can play a role in protecting our cells from a form of damage called oxidative stress.

Overall, Passos is convinced that the choices we make in early adulthood can have a lasting impact on how we age. He points to large studies which have tracked tens of thousands of people in the US for decades, such as the Framingham Heart Study and the Nurses’ Health Study, which reveal that people who maintain healthier lifestyles in midlife have lower risks of cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline and frailty – even decades later.